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"On January 21, 2017, massive demonstrations in Washington DC and sister marches held in over 600 American cities drew crowds of over four million people. Popularly called "The Women's March," it became the largest single-day protest in American history. The feminism that shaped the consciousness of millions in 2017 had distinct roots in the 1990s. In They Didn't See Us Coming, historian Lisa Levenstein argues we have missed much of the past quarter century of the women's movement because the conventional wisdom is that the '90s was the moment when the movement splintered into competing factions. But by showcasing voices and stories long overlooked by popular culture and scholars, They Didn't See Us Coming shows that this decade was actually a time of intense and international coalition building. This activism centered around the growing influence of women of color, women with disabilities, women from the global South, and people of ranging gender expressions and identities. Together, they built a movement from the margins. Exclusion sparked action. Moments like the 1995 Beijing Women's Conference, whose major players included Betty Friedan and Bella Abzug and where Hillary Clinton famously declared, "Women's rights are human rights," were also stages for less-remembered but no less important calls to action. Wheelchair riders staged a "crawl in" protest when a panel on disabilities was held on the third floor of a building with no elevator-a consciousness-raising moment that informed much of the work around disabilities for the remainder of the decade. Meanwhile, new tools like e-mail, listservs, and discussion boards brought people with common purpose into instant contact; activists working on campuses and in culture, like Riot Grrls and Guerilla Girls, organized in ad hoc and less visible ways, without figureheads but with clarity of purpose. All this work reveals a thriving (but changing) women's movement. A necessary and fresh understanding of a transformative period in the history of American and international feminism, They Didn't See Us Coming also offers an urgent road map for thinking about organizing today and continuing to build on the work of these extraordinary activists"--

In this bold interpretation of U.S. history, Lisa Levenstein reframes highly charged debates over the origins of chronic African American poverty and the social policies and political struggles that led to the postwar urban crisis. A Movement Without Marches follows poor black women as they traveled from some of Philadelphia's most impoverished neighborhoods into its welfare offices, courtrooms, public housing, schools, and hospitals, laying claim to an unprecedented array of government benefits and services. Levenstein uncovers the constraints that led women to public institutions, emphasizin

In June 1961, a stringent set of welfare cutbacks in
Newburgh, New York, received widespread public support and incited a
racist backlash against welfare throughout the nation. Less than one year
earlier, however, an even harsher set of cutbacks aimed specifically
at black recipients of Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) in the state
of Louisiana provoked a mainly critical public response. This article
illustrates how the rhetorical framing and historical context of these
two sets of cutbacks shaped the divergent public reactions to them. In
1960, many northerners sympathetically described ADC in Louisiana
as "child aid," a grant targeting poor black children in the civil
rights-torn American South. In the Newburgh case, however, ADC was
referred to as "unwed mother aid," a grant supporting the supposedly
lazy and luxurious lifestyles of African-American women who migrated to
the North. By examining the language and issues of these cutbacks, this
article reveals a crucial moment in the evolution of our contemporary
antiwelfare discourse.